Factors in Biochemical Toxicology

Factors in biochemical ToxicologyTambudzai Phiri NdasheMaha FaridIn the lecture we discussed several(prenominal) responses of the lung to acute injuries. List these responses and discuss one of these responses providing an example of a toxin or a chemical that induces such response in the lung. (5 points)The lung is particularly defenceless to toxicity be coiffure it gets exposed to foreign compounds both in the external purlieu and internally through the bloodstream. Acute responses of the lung to wound materialise in inn to protect the lung from further malign. These responses include the sp atomic number 18-time activityIrritation following image to volatile gases such as ammonia and chlorine may act bronchitis and changes in permeableness. picture to gases or irritants may withal lead to molest of the epithelial lining of the entire respiratory tract.Irritation of nerve endings in the respiratory epithelium may occur following icon to gases or irritants to prote ct from further exposure.Xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes such as Glutathione S-transferase in the lung tissue to a fault play a role in the pathogenesis of pulmonic toxic response. aerobic burden following exposure to gases such as ozone, nitrogen dioxide or tobacco smoke.Airway reactivity and bronchoconstriction may occur on exposure to nitric oxides, cholinergic doses, histamine and tobacco smoke.Pulmonary edema may occur as result of broad(prenominal) concentrations of acrolein, hydrogen chloride, nitrogen dioxide, ammonia or phosgene.Pulmonary edemaPulmonary edema is the gathering of fluid in the lung, which collects in the alveoli it leads to impaired gas exchange and may suffice respiratory failure (Medical News Today, 2014). Exposure to ammonia, a volatile and water system alcohol-soluble gas, has been associated with pulmonary edema. The ammonia gets absorbed into the aqueous secretions of the upper airways of the respiratory system, it reacts with the water in aqueous secretions to from ammonium hydroxide, an alkaline and corrosive solution. Though ammonia may not cause unchangeable damage it leads to impaired permeability and the accumulation of fluid which obstructs the upper airway and collects in the air sacs. This may lead to low blood oxygen content and altered genial status (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). The dissolving of the ammonia into aqueous solutions on mucous membranes may also result in corrosive injury to the mucus membranes. High concentrations of acrolein, a common component of smoke, deal also cause pulmonary edema following smoke inhalation.Paraquat, is a astray used herbicide that specifically exerts its toxic effect on the lung tissue. dispute the mechanism of toxicity of paraquat explaining the specificity of lung toxicity induced by this compound. (5 points)Paraquat has been implicated in number of both accidental and intentional cases of poisoning. It causes dose- subordinate toxic effects followi ng oral ingestion and, absorption of a toxic dose ordinarily results in abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea. In addition to the lung, some other send organs include mainly the kidneys, but may also cause cardiac and liver toxicity if one if exposed to large doses. machine of paraquat toxicity on the lungParaquat is selectively interpreted up into type I and II alveolar epithelial cells by alert transport, as a result it r distributivelyes a higher concentration than in most other tissue. It causes severe lung injury and fibrosis. The mechanism of toxicity involves the initial re fulfill of paraquat with an negatron donor such as NADPH paraquat accepts the electron to form a permanent radical cation ( envision 1) if this occurs under aerobic conditions, this electron is transferred too oxygen grown rise to superoxide this process gets repeated over and over in the lungs ascribable to the ready supply of oxygen, resulting in the formation of a oxidation-reduction cycle. The formation of the redox cycle is believed to be responsible for the toxicity by causing the following effects the formation of large amounts of superoxide may overwhelm the neutralizing effects of superoxide dismutase, allowing the superoxide to accumulate, causing a sort of toxic effects such as the peroxidation of lipids leading to the formation of lipid radicals that may cause membrane damage (Figure 2) and, the depletion of NADPH due to the formation of active oxygen species may compromise the alveolar cells, reducing their ability to canalize out their functions.Figure 1 paraquat reduction-oxidation. Figure 2 the proposed mechanism of paraquat toxicity. Figure 1 adapted from http//www.inchem.org/documents/jmpr/jmpmono/v086pr05.gifFigure 2 adapted from http//totalpict.com/imagesb/1818/1818064104502cc34b8ffb7.gifReferencesTimbrell, J.A. (2009). Principles of Biochemical Toxicology, fourth Edition. CRC Press. Pages 204- 205 and, 337-339.Medical News Today (2014, September 15). What is pulmonary edema? What causes pulmonary edema?Retrieved from http//www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/167533.phpThe Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2014). Medical care Guidelines for Ammonia. Retrieved from http//www.atsdr.cdc.gov/MMG/MMG.asp?id=7tid=2Maha FaridDiscuss the patterns of neurotoxicity and provide one example of a toxin producing each pattern. Examples from the assigned textbooks are recommended. (6 points)The restless system is a extremely obscure network of specialized cells and damage to this system may have permanent and serious effects because there is very low capacity to touch on and little reserve functional capacity.The following are the patterns of neurotoxicityNeuronopathy this is the result of the demolition of the peripheral nervous system, or simply put, death of the entire neuron. The drug contaminant 1-mehtyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) causes specific damage to the substantia nigra area of the brain (Timbrell, 2009) . It is exceedingly lipophilic and readily enters the brain where it is readily metabolized to a toxic metabolite that is taken up by dopamine neurons. Methyl mercury also causes Neuronopathy.Axonopathy this is the retroversion of the axon. Carbon disulfide exposure is a good example of a neurotoxin. Exposure to this solvent usually occurs in industry and causes neuronal damage in the central and peripheral nervous systems. The mechanism is believed to involve the chelation of metal ions immanent for enzyme activity by the oxothiazolidine and dithiocarbamate metabolites of carbon disulfide, which result from reaction with glycine and glutathione (GSH) (Timbrell, 2009).Myelinopathy this is a general term used to describe damage to or indisposition of the myelin of peripheral nerve fibers, the myelin sheath or the white-hot matter of the brain, in contrast to that scratching the axons (Axonopathy). A number of substances cause Myelinopathy in both the Schwann cells and the Oligo dendrocytes. Lead is a good example of a neurotoxin that causes Myelinopathy, especially in children.Transmission toxicity this is the disruption of neurotransmission. Organophosphorus pesticides such as malathion, which is used in the treatment of head lice in humans, and parathion, are good examples of neurotoxins that cause transmission toxicity. Exposure is usually accidental, suicidal or associated with homicide and occurs via the gastrointestinal tract, the skin and the lungs. They are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and acute toxicity manifests via the overstimulation of the muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Nicotinic signs and symptoms result from the accumulation of acetylcholine at motor nerve endings in skeletal muscles and automated ganglia. This results in fatigue, involuntary twitching and even muscle weakness which may affect muscles of respiration. Death may occur from respiratory distress partly due to neuromuscular paralysis, central depression and even bronchoconstriction (Timbrell, 2009).Discuss the vulnerability of the nervous system to toxicity. (4 points)There are multiple characteristics of the nervous system that launch it vulnerable to toxicity in fact the nervous system is highly susceptible to changes in its environment. The characteristics of the nervous system that make it vulnerable to toxicity include the followingNeurons can have very considerable axons, making them more vulnerable to toxicity.The nervous system is also highly dependent on glucose, which is the sole source of energy to the central nervous system. This high dependence on glucose is demonstrated through fatal irreparable damage to the nervous system, even in brief obstruction of blood conflate to the central nervous system. Energy shortage to the nervous system can lead to glutamate leakage which can cause severe brain injury.The long axons and large cell volume in the nervous system command high metabolic activity due to the electrical transm ission of action potential and chemical transmission in the nervous system.Proper axonal transport is very essential for normal brain function. There are multiple fast and slow, anterograde and retrograde transport systems that exist in the nervous system, which complicate the process and add to the sensitivity of this area.ReferenceTimbrell, J.A. (2009). Principles of Biochemical Toxicology, 4th Edition. CRC Press. Pages 206 and, 339-346.

The Concept Of Imprisonment And Human Rights Criminology Essay

The ideal Of Im prison ho usance ho utilisement And Human Rights Criminology Es tellThe terminations prison and durance ar utilise interchangeably in a modality that the existence of the starting signal term is a mandatory precondition for the existence of the latter one, or vice-versa. In separate(a) words in criminal justices process, the first term prison refers to the place where in the latter term incarceration is to be taken place and internment indicates the limitation of inmates familiarity.However, diametrical c each be use by distinct countries and legal organisations to explain foothold prisoner, prison and imprisonment. For example in the US unlike states use different terminologies alike(p) inmate and prisoner fudge factor and imprisonment interchangeably.1Of course some legal systems use detention instead of imprisonment and surviveee instead of prisoner.2Hence, these advanceder up discussed facts show that there is no uniformity in the use of te rms in the criminal justice system of different states. However, later onwards the innovation of the United Nations organization (UN) and the regional organizations states be adopting uniform usage of terms by means of the ratification of binding and normative treaties and receiveds.In order to reduce ambiguity during the writing and reading this research paper, the writer impart use the term prison to mean a place where individualistics deprived of own(prenominal) liberty as a result of conviction for an offence act their conviction3emphasis added. Likewise, the term prisoner testament be utilize to refer to an individual deprived of personal liberty as a result of conviction for an offence.4Finally, the term imprisonment depart be utilize to mean exit of liberty as a result of conviction.5However, readers should be aw ar that the term inmate to mean prisoner may be used in some parts of this research paper.Evolutiontherefore, execrations as a source of sociable evil emerged from the biblical times heretofore with the change of socio-economic situations its nature and techniques also changed in line with this, the modes of control and penalty used by the state changed.6Therefore, prisons as we know today are result of late(a) developments compared to the age of commission of crimes. From these facts one end nark that before the orgasm of the coeval prison system there were other modes of punishment against wrongdoers. To borrow the words of Thorsten Sellinssocietys offenders book been dealt with in many ways. Until recent times, historically speaking, punishment was harsh criminals were exiled, enslaved, tortured, mutilated, and executed. The use of imprisonment as a method of treating the offender is relatively sassy, dating back no further than the break down quarter of the 18th ampere-second. Of course, jails, lockups, and places of detention of dissimilar kinds commence been in existence for hundreds of years. But it was completely 200 years ago that they were used for anything other than places of detention for offenders awaiting a harsher kind of punishment.7During the Roman Empire, prisons were used to detain offenders pending trial or execution and to punish defiant servants.8Hence, it was non used to imprison convicted individuals like the practice today. The English prison was used for the same intention with Roman ones in the 9th and 11th centuries. However, unlike the contemporary situation, all costs incurred during the stay of a prisoner in the prison, including salaries for sheriffs, would be c all overed by the prisoner himself.9To rectify the rising of petty offences in Europe, prison labor was introduced in correction centers in the sixteenth century.10This new system was aimed at rehabilitating prisoners so that they asshole serve the society after release. Latter on transporting prisoners from Europe to colonies, which was aimed at engaging them in the get lands in America and Aus tralia was introduced.11This system ended together with the end of colonialism in the Northern America and Australia.In America the c erst slicept of prison is relate with the Quakers, a protestant religious sect, who were highly concerned nigh the ruthlessness and harshness of the then system.12As a result of their concern astir(predicate) the redemption of the souls of the criminals they came up with the idea of the penitentiary, a place of separation where criminals could speak up upon their evil deeds and repent.13Though it is debating, there is a entrance that prisons as a bureau of social institutions emerged in Pennsylvania in the last part of the eighteenth century.14In oecumenical the need to reform childly offenders, the detention of those politically in disfavored and banishment constituted to the 19th century prisons.Function of imprisonmentFrom the historical headspring of view imprisonment has had different objectives at different times. As mentioned above, prisons used to serve as a place where detainees awaiting trial or execution stay. In this case its bearing is aimed at keeping the individuals until conviction or execution.It is widely known that the office of imprisonment is firmly associate with the objective of criminal punishment. Accordingly, the best way to discuss about the function of imprisonment would be to make love across in light of the objectives of criminal police. However, looking at the historical focalise of view on the preaching of prisoners is of worth.Typically, inmates in ancient times were put to shoemakers last or used as slave labor force, but, in approximately of these cases, a outcome of incarceration or detention was preceded. When they were non other than engaged in labor they were held in remote and hostile surroundings, reservation escape virtually impossible and these drastic sanctions and in mankind treatments continued until the coming of 18th c Enlightenment.15The 17th c colonial jai ls and earlier various confinement and detention facilities hardly resembled the institutions that the term prison implies today. That is because such places were all for the part of detention and confinement with no pretence of rehabilitation or renewal and such places were called penal institutions or penitentiaries.16However, following the coming of 18thc Enlightenment, prison officials began to develop the ideas of reformation and rehabilitation programs to their inmates. For instance, during the 1800s New York prison officials developed two major systems of prison organization.17The first system was introduced in 1821 and under this system prisoners stayed in solitary confinement at night and worked together during the day and it emphasized silence. That is to mean prisoners could not speak to, or even look at, one another(prenominal) because prison officials hoped that this silence and isolation would cause inmates to opine about their crimes and reform. However this syst em failed without fully achieving its purpose partly because the dictated rules and isolation drove inmates insane.The 2nd system, up to now, was different both in methods of gate and treatment. It was opened in 1876 as a model person for offenders surrounded by the ages of 16 and 30 and this system do use of flexible dooms and allowed inmates to cod early release for good behavior and, more(prenominal)over, it offered physical exercise, military fostering and an educational program which generally used education as a means of rehabilitation.18But the institution did not fully achieve its high expectations, largely because it judged inmates on their prison behavior and conduct instead of on their actual fitness for release.Further improvement and modification take a leak been do in the 1900s. For instance, in the 1930s prison officials began to develop rehabilitation programs found on the background, personality, and physical condition of the individual inmate and this onward motion made rehabilitating and reforming programs more meaningful.19This is indication of well-developing system that laid the foundation for cotemporary rehabilitation and correction systems.But despite such efforts attempts to rehabilitate and reform inmates could not fetch the desired results largely because of poorly trained staffs, lack of funds, and ill-defined goals. An consultation of these rehabilitating and reforming process further strengthened and enlarged in 1960s and many people in the field of corrections felt that inmates could be helped bust outside prison.As a result, community punitive facilities and halfway houses were establish in 1960s and inmates lived in these facilities just before release and standard counseling to help them adjust their lifetime outside prison.20Following the outcome of rehabilitation and reformation programs, modifications of the various prison terminologies became feasible. As mentioned above, in the past, prisons were cal led penitentiaries or penal intuitions. like a shot days, however, the popular name is correctional institutions or correctional facilities. Similarly a modification is made from the term guard to correctional officers and these modifications in nomenclature emerged with the professionalism of the field of corrections during recent decades and the desire to interpolate the harsh images eluted by the terms prison and guard.In the past and salvage now, there has been a lively debate regarding the purposes for establishment of prisons and sending inmates in to these institutions. whatsoever commentators argue that prisons are accomplished only to imprison convicted criminals.21That is to say their purpose is to punish convicted law-breakers using imprisonment as a means of retribution. Indeed as Edward Kaufman utter, retributive purpose of imprisonment is necessary for the society, however it is considered as barbaric now days.22He further mentioned thatIimprisonment for retributi on may drive a delinquent further along the road of crime through forcing association with criminal elements and increasing rage toward and alienation from society. Permitting ferocious retribution may stimulate brutal responses not only in the individual but in society as a whole, as in riot control and war.23Based on the above tell reasonable pitfalls, it is fair to suggest that retribution as a purpose should be supported by rehabilitation to halt further wrongdoings in the community.Others insist that their main purpose is to deter offenders from committing further crimes after they are released and to deter those potential law-breakers from committing crime in the future.24That is to mean the purpose of these institutions is to make convicted offenders from relapsing in to crime after their release by taking lessons from their first incarceration and the existence of prisons as penal institutions will make potential law-breakers to be refrained from committing crimes as wel l. However, there is an idea that sending soul to prison magnate not deter him/her from committing crime inside the prison compound.25The same problem can be deducted from the third objective of imprisonment incapacitation which is aimed at halting possible commission of crime by the individual prisoner by putting him in prison. Therefore, the deterrence and incapacitation objectives of imprisonment alone(p) cannot realize the aimed purpose of deterring or incapacitating unless it is supported by other mechanisms like rehabilitation.Still others advocate that inmates are sent to correctional institutions to be reformed or rehabilitated.26That is to say during their stay in the institutions they will come to realize and learn the wrongfulness and hazardous effects of committing crime and will further learn skills which will help them to be a law abiding and productive citizens when they are released. In practical terms, the purposes for the establishment of prisons could be interp reted as a combination of the above reasons and, therefore, they are established for more than custody and control.Now days, the concept of rehabilitation is being claimed as a make up based on different external and regional treaties and standards. This is aimed at striking the balance between the two seemingly contradicting duties of prison centers benevolente treatment of prisoners and its punitive nature to maintaining peace and security.The International concordat on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), under its article 10 deals on tender-hearted treatment of prisoners. It further states that the penitentiary system shall comprise treatment of prisoners the essential aim of which shall be their reformation and social rehabilitation.27As per this provision, states parties have the obligation to employ rehabilitation as a main purpose of imprisonment in their criminal justice system. The United Nations Standard minimal Rules (UNSMR), which interprets the even offs of priso ners under the International bill of sets, states thatthe purpose and justification of a sentence of imprisonment or a similar measure derivative of liberty is ultimately to protect society against crime. This end can only be achieved if the period of imprisonment is used to ensure that upon his return to society, the offender is not only willing but able to lead a law-abiding and self-supporting life.28In a similar way of expression, under its general comment No. 21, the ICCPR adult male rights committee has stated that no penitentiary system should be only retributory it should essentially seek the reformation and social rehabilitation of the prisoner.29Similar way of expression is used in different regional treaties and standards.30Generally, the above discussed arguments together with the biding and normative international and regional treaties tell us that rehabilitation is the main purpose of imprisonment in todays criminal justice system. Accordingly, it imposes obligatio n against states in general and prison centers in particular to use rehabilitation tools for their prisoners. But, this does not mean the other purposes of imprisonment will be totally disregarded they will rather use them side by side.Prisoners rights Do Prisoners have a right?Some people believe that inmates should have no rights for the reason that any rights that they once had were forfeited, while they were incarcerated as part of the price they had to pay for their crimes.31Of course, rights namely human rights and freedoms are not absolute and, thus, they may be subject to limitations so as to protect the rights of others and the interests of the society. On the other hand, the preamble of the Universal resolve of Human Rights (UDHR), dictates that, All persons are born free and equal in dignity and rights. However, equal enjoyment of rights might not be operable due to various grounds where imprisonment is one among these. The above stated arguments and other factors pose the question do prisoners have rights once detain?Researches show that, many people are of the opinion that imprisonment results in forfeiture of rights of prisoners in general.32Sometimes this assertion is confirmed by coquette decisions. In the famous price v Johnston33case the US autocratic Court declared that lawful incarceration brings about the necessary masturbation or limitation of privileges and rights. Indeed history tells us that prisoners were facing the conquer punishments in prisons because it is believed that they forfeit their rights. But what about human rights, which follow human beings where ever they go? Are prison center unreachable for human rights? Is it an exception to the universal application of human rights?The above decision of the US unconditional Court is a reflection of the belief of the then society. However, after the establishment of the UN and adoption of the UDHR, SMR, ICCPR and other regional Treaties the perception that imprisonment forfe its rights changed. This is because issues tie in to the rights of prisoners were included in all the International and Regional Human rights Treaties and Standards. Indeed the concept of regulating the rights of prisoners in the international level was raised during the unite of Nations. For this reason the then Penal and Penitentiary commission has prepared rules on the treatment of prisoners which was approved by the League of Nations Assembly in 1934.34These rules were last inapplicable and latter on revised by the UN secretariat and finally approved by the UN ECOSOC as Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (SMR) in 1957.35These standards are now implemented through many regional and house servant legislations and standards to gain binding status. Particularly, Europe through its European prison Rules and the US the 1962 model penal code and standard correction rules of the 1973 are considered as Bill of Rights for prisoners.36It is after such an internationa l effort of the UN and other regional organizations that courts began to pronounce that rights follow human beings. The same court of the US (the Supreme Court) in the coffin v Reichard case decided that -a prisoner binds all the rights of ordinary citizen except those expressly or by necessary hint taken from him by law.37This decision was a stepping stone for further identification of rights of prisoners in the US and all over the world. In strengthening the above decision of the Supreme Court, Justice Blackmun said, Funda kind rights follow the prisoner through the walls which incarcerate him, but always with appropriate limitations.38But the main point that has to be asked is what are the limitations and how one can know what his rights are and what are not in prison. Justice Blackmun said that the court shall use a Balancing test of protecting the interest of the individual and restricting them for different reasons. The UN general assembly in the adoption of the underlyin g Principles for the Treatment of Prisoners has declared the same and urged states parties to apply the standards and international or regional treaties where they are ships company to.As mentioned above determining what rights of prisoners will be peculiar(a) during their imprisonment is crucial. There are some people who argue that the rights that are limited and retained by prisoner during his imprisonment could be substantially set by the purpose of punishment intended.39Form this proposition we can easily understand that except for rehabilitation, most of the other purposes of imprisonment discussed above results in forfeiture of most of the rights of prisoners.Basically, Richard L. Lippke suggested certain criticisms against those who said prisoners forfeit their rights during imprisonment. He said that, in practice it is only state officials who can impose penalties on prisoners, however if their rights are forfeited during imprisonment it is not light(a) wherefore any ordinary person cannot impose same.40The other problem identify is the continuance of forfeiture, which according to Lippke is difficult to know for the reason thatMany criminals violate their victims rights only briefly, though they do them great harm in the process. If we tie the duration of forfeiture to the time it takes victims to chance, the problem is that some victims may never recover from brief, but devastating, right violations. Yet not all right violators can justly be punished indefinitely, not even all adept right-violators who do their victims permanent or irreversible damage.41The third problem is related to breadth or scope of the forfeiture. Accordingly, this poses a question Does someone who punches another person in the nose forfeit the relatively narrow right to not be punched in the nose, or the broader right to bodily self-direction? For him both the narrower and broader approaches are problematic since the narrower gives dubious ground for officers where as the broader approach authorizes forfeiture of rights which can be claimed not violated by the prisoner.42Now it seems fairly clear that prisoners retain their rights except those deprived specifically by law and due to their deprivation of liberty. However, there is well known perception and practice that the retained prisoners rights is less stringent than ordinary persons rights, therefore can be overridden for the benefit of less weighty ordinary persons rights.43It is not clear why a state discriminates between its citizens based on status, in this case prisoner and ordinary citizen despite its prohibition in different treaties including the UDHR.Rights retainedIdentifying rights retained is highly related with the purpose of imprisonment that we be to attain.Most obviously, this involves severe curtailment of their rights to freedom of movement for some period of time. We might also have to curtail their rights to freedom of association and take advantage upon their privac y, though to what extent in each case are matters that contain further substantive analysis. Prisoners would fully retain other moral rights. These might include rights securing interests in political participation, freedom of speech and conscience, control over labor, subsistence, health care, visitation with family and friends, and nark to culture and entertainment. Pp 134IncapacitationIt is hard to see how more extensive restrictions on the rights of prisoners will reduce threats to the rights of others in ways that are clearly greater in magnitude than the direct burdens such restrictions will impose on inmates. Pp135Keeping prisoners locked in cells most of the time with a few(prenominal) opportunities toexercise their autonomy or to maintain or develop social and labor skillsmay marginally reduce crime within prisons in the short-term. However,such an approach seems a prescription for disaster in the long-range term if ouraim is to reduce crime. The vast majority of prison inmates will eventuallybe released from prison, most sooner rather than later. 136(If prison life is better than life outside prison (an unlikely proposition in any case), the solution might be to improve the living conditions of the to the lowest degree advantaged members of civil society).It should be apparent that rehabilitative crime reduction considerationspoint us away from harsh prison regimes toward those that impose moderateor minimal deprivations on offenders. Prisoners are unlikely to becomebetter carrying out members of civil society if they are kept under conditionsthat deny them access to education, meaningful work, mental health treatment,and ready access to the family members and friends who care aboutthem.. 138retributionRetributive logic demands that serious offenders suffer personnel casualtyes or deprivations commensurate with their crimes. In all probability,penal confinement will always satisfy that demand. Thus, the only point ofcontention among retributivi sts will likely be about precisely which rightsmust be maintained and facilitated if prisoners are to retain the capacitiesvital to moral personality. Pp 141More intriguing is Edgardo Rotmans claim that prisoners have a moralright to rehabilitation (Rotman 1990, 10-13). Rotman interprets this right bothnegatively, as a right not to be allowed to deteriorate in prison, and positively,as a right to improvement in such things as work skills and mental healthwhile in prison. His primary argument for this right is that deprivation offreedom is the sine qua non of modern legal punishment. Freedom is thehighest value and its loss is what offenders appropriately suffer. The otherthings (mostly bad, unfortunately) that happen to them in prison are not partof punishment, so prisoners should be protected from them. Moreover, manyoffenders come from socially and economically deprived backgrounds, andthis requires the state to not only prevent them from deteriorating while inprison but to actual ly improve their lives. Pp 143criticsEven if we fall in that freedom is the highest value in modern societies, it does not followthat its loss, or its loss alone, is all that offenders should sufferHowever, the detention or incarceration of prisoners does not mean that all the rights they have are lost as a result of such detention or incarceration. That is because certain rights like the right to respect essential human dignity and human ways of treatment, the right to food and health care, shelter and Freedoms like freedom of thought, belief and so on are fundamental to human existence and they are inherent entitlements that come to every person as a result of being human. As a result, inmates under detention or imprisonment have such and the like fundamental human rights and freedoms and retain these rights with the exception of those that have been lost as a result of deprivation of liberty.Following the announcement of the UDHR in 1948, states have developed considerable num ber of human rights instruments including the Basic Principles for the Treatment of Prisoners (BPT), Standard Minimum Rules of the Treatment of Persons (SMR) and other instruments specifically transaction with the rights and human treatments of prisoners at the national, regional and international level. These basic principles and minimum standard rules form part of customary international law, which means that they are binding, heedless of whether a state has ratified international treaties concerning these instruments.Moreover, states have undertaken obligations under international and domestic legislations both to promote and protect the wide variety of human rights in general and that of prisoners in particular.

Human Resources Management Reform in Chinese Banking

humans Resources Management Reform in Chinese edgeingThe compassionate Resources Management Reform in Chinese b outrankingA slip of paper of marge of chinaChapter 1 IntroductionCh eachenge to Chinese beachingcelestial latitude 11, 2001, after 15 geezerhood of arduous negotiations, china officially feeler to the WTO. On the ampere-seconds of pages of brinyland mainland chinawares WTO summation Protocol, the monetary go trade is the nearly heavy decompose of it and gets the most attractions from all areas of the community. Since so, chinas fiscal on the fence(p)ing was provided to an external shooter and timetable. The all-round opening night up of chinas fiscal industry era has begun. Until the destination of 2005, 16 Chinese cambers breakd distant strategic investors and a total of 71 immaterial banks from 20 countries and regions had set up 238 operational entities in chinaware. contradictory banks enter the Chinese banking sector has always been the impact of the banking industry, academia and regulative agencies even up close attendance to the problem. Gains and risks on both sides of a coin, the Chinese alien majuscule into the banking sector in the enjoyment of the proceeds moldiness in corresponding manner face the att terminusant challenges.Comp atomic number 18 to unconnected banks, Chinas banking sector is clam up in a real traditional approach to counsel, backward technology, transparent personal line of credit method, single-species products and obsolete barter concepts. In a long term, Chinese government takes bank as a very important branch of the National Economic Sectors on that pointfore, tetrad state-owned banks enjoy the monopoly state in China. Chinese government set a set of policies to protect the education of these banks. Now, Chinas accession to the WTO stance, the traditional banking sector faces a foreign financial industry positive into one of the great challenges. In that case, it is urgent need for them to bequest the financial industry for rapid neaten and the victimization taste should conform to the ball development tr give up. In the face of the challenges of the circumstances, Chinas banking sector began one after around unseasoned(prenominal) round of advances, changes in business philosophy, business form and solicitude form, and so on.1.2 Aim of the DissertationThis paper through analysis the enlisting and filling situation and charitable vision reform in imprecate of China is to explore the human election reform experiences and the development of human vision wariness in Chinese banking and it excessively could be a reasoned reference to the whole Chinese banks. The aim of the inquiry is at that placefore to register the challenges with foreign banks entry into China and the current development of human vision vigilance situation in Chinese banking. Further more than, the human mental imagery reform in curse of China invi ted an Ameri great deal consultancy company as the councilor. on that point is no doubt saying it would begin to employ more westerly human resource management methods to manage this traditional state-owned bank which in a long time is considered as in a scarcelytoned-down industry area in China.On one hand, these advanced westbound sandwich human resources concepts are introduced to China. they come to pursue their rules in line with the Chinese legislations and current situation. Therefore, related to the real situation and pool of shtupdidates on Chinese banking to study the manipulation and transfer of recruitment and extract practices in pious platitude of China impart facilitate us come to gain ground pull in the development human resource management situation on Chinese avowing, specially the development of recruitment and selection field. From it we can k outright in what aspects the western recruitment and selection practices are more rational and scienti fic than Chinese topical anesthetic enterprises. On the other hand, these methods always implemented by foreign banks in their parent-country and now are transferred and practiced by a representative Chinese character banks. Obviously, it alike could be a wide reference and experience to foreign banks who want to enter into the Chinese market. In a word, this study seeks to fill the gap by evaluating the western recruitment and selection practices in China and provide a newborn locating to Chinese local banks and foreign banks how to introduce these practices and manipulate them.Chapter 2 literary productions review articleLong Yongtu, Chinas point man on WTO negotiations, said, as the masses, enterprises also need external draw could push them ahead. If there no pressure comes from outside, Chinas enterprises is impossible to form. After Chinas accession to the WTO, the enterprises project to face a vast external pressure and force them taking the path of internationaliz ation and conjure their competitiveness. Unlike the overall economy, due to relatively weak foundation, the financial services industry will face more pressures, but in the median(a) and long term it will benefit more. learn to Premier Zhu Rongji s words, there are pros and cons for financial opening to the outside world. If we can do a ingenuous lineage, the advantages would outweigh the disadvantages. The so-called do a good job, can non be limited to the impact of the simple response, but conversion mechanism, update the system and improving the competitiveness in a universal way.2.1 The Status Quo and Opening- Up Process of Chinese blasphemeingFrom 1949 to the 1970s, Chinas banking sector nether the planned economic system running, four state-owned technical-grade banks job the find fruit role of specialize banks in Chinese banking sector. The late 1980s, the new moneymaking(prenominal) messageized banks and non-banking financial institutions had set up. Some of the newly established mercantile banks, now known as the other nationwide commercial banks, booked providing nationwide commercial banking services, while some commercial banks solitary(prenominal) allowed in operation(p) in the local market. After Chinas accession to WTO, Chinese banking launched a comprehensive colligation- root reform and the lucky listing. They through improve corporate governance, develop strategies, operate effect to visit the ever-narrowing gap with the advanced international banks. Since 2003, four former state-owned commercial banks ( banking company of China, Peoples eddy depository financial institution of China, Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, Agricultural Bank of China) commonplace figure no longer exists. The U.S. Goldman Sachs share the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China and Royal Bank of Scotland share Bank of China, and Bank of America also mother the one shareholder of Peoples Construction Bank of China. At present the only state-owned Agricultural Bank of China whose shareholding system reform is now in progress. In future, there will be no state-owned commercial banks in China.Actually, as an important component part of Open-door policy, China has loose the door to foreign banks since 1979. At the end of September 2001, foreign banks operating in China, a total of nearly 190 institutions, of which 158 branches, corporate bodies 19, ii branches 13. unknown banks total assets reach 44 billion U.S. dollars, 18.6 billion U.S. dollars loans, deposits 6.5 billion U.S. dollars, capital (including representing capital) 3 billion U.S. dollars. 31 foreign banks set about been permitted to conduct RMB business, including 23 in Shanghai, 8 in Shenzhen, with total assets of RMB 41 billion Yuan. In market share, foreign banks were up to 20% and 30% in foreign exchange loans and international settlement business areas. The travel rapidly of Chinese banking sector opening up, from a global perspective, still is a faster as come up. Although many developed countries has joined the WTO and signed the scathe of trade in services, they still non stock-still open up the domestic currency business to foreign banks and the implementation of geographical restrictions.According to Chinas WTO accession protocol, in the financial services industry, the banking sector is completely open commitment(1) Prudent business of bring out permits. It means there are not economic needs tests or quantitative restrictions in the business license. After Chinas accession to WTO 5 years later, they should abolish all the vivacious ownership, management, foreign financial institutions and enterprises to establish branches of the non-permission of discreet measures. That is, when foreign banks apply for the governing body of branches, the Peoples Bank of China in addition to care in full follow the standards can not set other restrictions. Foreign banks set up business outlets in the city, with the a pproval conditions of Chinese domestic bank.(2) The timely opening of foreign exchange business. Chinas accession to the WTO, foreign financial institutions will be fully liberalized to foreign exchange business and the abolition geographical and customer restrictions. In other words, once accession to the WTO, China will allow foreign banks to all customers (including Chinese-funded enterprises and Chinese residents) operating all foreign exchange trading operations (including the companys business and re lav business).(3) The phased opening of RMB business. For foreign banks RMB business in China will grant to open 20 cities in four years. vanadium years later, they will abolish all geographical restrictions for foreign banks. In the service targets, two years after accession, foreign banks would be allow to handle RMB business with enterprises in 12 cities of China. After five years accession, foreign banks would be allowed to provide services for customers in all China.(4) mo netary advisory business categories timely open. Since the date of accession to the WTO, foreign institutions can be obtained the right to engage in related business deposits and loans, financial leasing, pay for all the designated services, security and acceptance, the company mergers and acquisitions, securities investment advisory, brokerage and other ancillary services in China.That is to say, joining the WTO 5 years later, there are no differences in service area and service goal surrounded by Chinese domestic financial institutions and foreign financial institutions. Chinese government made an important commitment to realize trade liberalization, opening up the domestic market and in accordance with international practices which go beyond the general peoples expectations.2.2 Human Resource Management in Foreign BanksAs an increasing number of foreign banks enter the Chinese market, the capacitance and the extent of competition crossing international b points has surged dram atically to Chinese banking. The competitive advantages of foreign banks mainly reflected in financial advantages, institutional advantages, the net race edge, technical advantages, innovative advantages and business strengths. Foreign banks expand their business in China, the biggest obstructer for them it is not familiar with the local situation, and therefore, the only way to take the shortstop cut is to achieve the management of localization, because of their well-known local business, market information, public relations, skills of the management of state-owned commercial banks, and the most pressing needs of local people. Thus, human resource management inevitably becomes one of the most important handle of this competition. Especially, accompanied by the increase of foreign banks, they need to recruit more and more qualified members from local labour market. In China, owing to these foreign banks competitive salary, systematic career planning, good employment condition, an d oversea work opportunity .etc their recruitment always attracts many most excellent peoples attentions. It is, thus, compulsory for Chinese banks to attract, select, develop and retain best employees who can live and work effectively in this international competitive circumstance. However, Chinas diachronic development, political social organisation and culture influence its business philosophy and management way. Therefore, some exchangeable recruitment and selection methods developed in western have to be modified according to Chinese situation. They need more reform experiences and interoperable opportunity. In that case, the study of recruitment and selection practices of Chinese banking, substantially, illustrates how to implemented western advanced practices under conditions of high cultural and institutional distance country.Human resource management is a systematic management relevant to recruitment and selection, formulation and development, performance, and reward s. All of these areas are mutual influence, interrelation and thus imbed a complete set of human resources management system. Human resources reform is in this interaction, and mutual contact conducted, thereby improving overall organisational performance, enhancing the effective and efficient of all the organization. Therefore, although this paper more concentrates on recruitment and selection area, it still will contain other areas of human resource management reform content in many places.Chapter 3 methodological analysis and Research Design3.1 Research QuestionsChapter 4 Case Study and preaching4.1 IntroductionBank of China, as one of the four state-owned commercial banks, like the other Chinese state-owned enterprises, it also constrained by its obsolete institutions and management in a long time. However, on the list of The Ideal Employer for Chinese Graduates released by Swedish Universum Communications specialized in employer print management, Bank of China always looms o ver the whole list in latterly years. In 2005, surpassing such(prenominal) transnational banks as CitiBank, HSBC and Deutsche Bank, it tops all financial enterprises. What makes the Bank of China be able to compete successfully with these foreign banks? What is the Bank of China to surpass those of foreign banks preferential preaching salaries and oversea opportunities and finally to choose it?As the major part of the stock holding system reform, the reform of human resource management in Bank of China is a most profound, most complex and most arduous one. Early in 2003, Bank of China had invited famous American consultancy company as the councilor of human resource reform. Combining with the banks actual situation and local experiences, they had worked out human resource reform program and practice scheme after repeated argumentations and revisions. In August 2004, human resource reform at the head office level was carried out. At the end of 2004, pilot reforms were conducted in its two branches in Jiangsu Province and Sichuan Province respectively. In 2005, human resource reform was implemented throughout its system in a full scale. The human resource reform in Bank of China is so spectacular that it is indeed quotable for other domestic banks.This chapter will concentrate on the analysis of interview and documents findings in order to explore the recruitment and selection situation in Chinese banking sector as well as the development of relevant human resource management policy in Chinese banking. The other concern of this research is to compare the gap and the differences of human resource management practices between Chinese banks and foreign banks. Interviewees were selected from all levels of the hierarchy and different banks of various ownerships in order to acquire more reliable primary data and more change opinions within the Chinese banking.4.2 Background to Bank of ChinaBank of China is one of Chinas four state-owned commercial banks. Its busine sses cover commercial banking, investment banking and insurance. Members of the sort include BOC Hong Kong, BOC International, BOCG Insurance and other financial institutions. The Bank provides a comprehensive range of high-quality financial services to individual and corporate customers as well as financial institutions worldwide. In terms of tier one capital, it graded 18th among the worlds top 1,000 banks by The Banker magazine in 2005.Over the ult century, Bank of China played an important role in Chinas financial history. It was established in February 1912 and is Chinas most long-standing history of the bank. During 1912 to 1949, the functions of the Bank of China have changed triad times. From 1912 to 1928, Bank of China was the central bank of that time. In 1928 it was changed to the concessioner of the international exchange bank. In 1942, Bank of China became the professional development of international trade banks. As the pillar of the countrys financial industry, Ba nk of China was committed to serving the public and developing the domestic financial sector. During these explosive years, the Bank strived to expand its presence in the market by prudent operation and aggressive reform, take the market in many areas of its operations for a long period. Having branched out into overseas market, the Bank subject a brilliant chapter in Chinas modern and contemporary banking history.1949 founding of the PRC, the new Chinese government in like mannerk over the Bank of China and in declination the same year the headquarters of the Bank of China moved to capital of Red China from Shanghai. Bank of China in 1950 under the management of the Peoples Bank of China head office leadership. October 27, 1953 the Central Peoples Government Cabinet announced the command of Bank of China and specifically endowed the Bank of China as the Peoples Republic of China Cabinet Chartered Banks foreign exchange professional. From and so on, Bank of China became the st ate-designated specialized foreign exchange bank and advantageously contributed to development of foreign trade and the national economy. In 1994 and following the intrenchment of the reform of the financial sector, Bank of China was converted from a state-owned specialized bank into a wholly state-owned commercial bank. Together with the other three wholly state-owned commercial banks, it constituted pillars of the countrys financial industry.As a Chinese financial institution with a history of almost a hundred years, the Bank is well known for its continuous business innovations, introducing many brand new products and services in the domestic banking industry. It is widely recognized and commended by its peers and customers in international settlement, foreign exchange, trade finance, etc. In 2003, it was named by the State Council as one of the pilot banks for joint-stock reform of wholly state-owned commercial banks. In order to develop itself into an internationally competit ive modern joint-stock commercial bank, with the capital adequacy, strict sexual control, safe operations, good service and efficiency, construct international competitiveness of the modern joint-stock commercial banks preys, Bank of China further improved the corporate governance mechanism, strengthened risk management and internal control system, integrated management Processes and business processes, promoted human resources management reform, accelerate up product innovation and service innovation, and steadily push forth joint-stock transformation. In 2004, the Bank of China from state-owned commercial banks overall restructuring for the state-controlled joint-stock commercial banks, known as the Bank of China Limited. In 2005, Bank of China introduces the Royal Bank of Scotland and Temasek, and other strategic investors. In October 2005, the Royal Bank of Scotland Group PLC announced a $3.1 billion investment which would give the British bank control of just under 10 perc ent venture in the Bank of China. Further investments were made by Swiss bank UBS AG, and by Temasek Holdings Pte. Ltd, who also promised to subscribe for an additional $ euchre million price of shares during Bank of Chinas initial public offering. In 2006, the Bank of China listed on June 1 in the main board of Hong Kong Stock Exchange. It was the largest initial public offering in the world since 2000, and the fourth largest IPO in the world ever, raising some US$9.7 billion in the H-share Global Offering. The Over-Allotment Option was then exercised on June 7, 2006, raising the total value of their IPO to US$11.2 billion. In July 5, it listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange. It successfully made the largest IPO in mainland China on July 5, 2006, by offering up to 10 billion A-shares on the Shanghai A Stock Exchange, or up to RMB20 billion. These were priced at RMB3.00 per share. In 2007, the Bank of China and Royal Bank of Scotland Group (RBS) cooperated to the public cloistere d banking business of Bank of China. All of these reform and incorporation make it charm a new chapter in its history and signal a grand step forward in becoming a modern joint stock commercial bank with good corporate governance practices.Furthermore, Bank of China is the most internationalized commercial bank in China. BOC London Branch, the scratch overseas branch of the Chinese banks, was established in 1929. From then on, the Bank successively opened branches in global financial centers, and has built up its network in 27 countries and regions. Currently, it had over 10000 domestic operations and over 600 overseas operations. In 1994 and 1995, Bank of China became the note issuing bank in Hong Kong and Macao respectively. It was the first among Chinese banks to recruit international experts and to introduce modern business management concepts into its operations with a view to become a premiere international bank. It has received wide recognition from its peers, customers an d compulsive media for the credit and performance it achieved in past years. It has been awarded Best Bank in China and Best Domestic Bank in China by Euromoney for eight times it has been included in the Fortune Global 500 for 16 consecutive years in addition, it was awarded Best Domestic Bank in China by The Asset, awarded Best Trade Finance Bank in China and Best Foreign Exchange Bank in China by Global Finance, and awarded the Top 10 Product wait on Enterprises in China by Far Eastern Economic Review since BOC Hong Kong was restructured and listed in the Hong Kong stock market, it has been the winner of many significant awards, including Best IPO Investor Relation Award issued by the Investor Relations Magazine and Best minutes and Best Privatization Award issued by Asian Finance.4.3 The Challenges and ProblemsThere are gains and risks on both sides of a coin. Chinas banking sector in the enjoyment of foreign capital into the revenue, it must also face the attendant challenge s from it. The author is known as its challenge rather than risk or defects, because these challenges from the competitions of foreign banks is an integral part of the main power of Chinese banks reform. The only choice is to take the gap to actively fight.For a long time solely state-owned banks have rank(a) monopoly position in China, although such a monopoly can get benefits from its scale. However, its pick and development is formed under the planned economy of monopoly and depend on policy and the protection of the state, which resulted in Chinas financial markets both single and thin. Chinas banking industry, especially the four major state-owned commercial banks, has long been regarded as a government-driven development of the countrys economic engine. They had to implement of considerable mandate of government policies, including investment loans, interest-free and low-interest loans, veterans resettlement and local governments intervention. Someone describe the state-own ed banks as a dinosaur, because the death of dinosaur is too much energy consumption and too slow response. When the enemy bites the tail of the dinosaur, it will need five minutes to convey this message to the brain, and then five minutes time to make a counterattack. If Chinese banks do not get rid burden, in the face of the competition of foreign banks, it is bound in a passive position. According to the statistics, to the end of 2001, the four major banks have over 100 million employees and per capita profit is only 16,700 yuan, while foreign-invested banks in the number though much less, but in the same period the per capita profits 270,300 yuan which is 16 times of state-owned banks. Now, the banks historical burden was getting heavier and heavier. Access to foreign banks, the existence of such a burden, Chinas banks would lose the conditions for equal competition, in a very disadvantaged position. neglect of flexibility of their personnel system and institutional setup is ext remely unreasonable. similar other state-owned enterprises, Bank of China also constrained by its squiffy personnel system. Because ownership is not clear, the banks policy-makers and operators are the same members. The lack of the prerequisite internal control mechanisms resulted in lower levels of management, lax management. Their assessment is not operated on actual performance-based, but in line with the government officials ranks, that is, the high your position are and the better your assessment result can get. Furthermore, they knowing banks job description and ranks according to the State Civil Service series. On the other hand, banks at all levels in the institutions set up on the still-led giving medication and management level was complexity. Compared to western commercial banks focus on customer relationship management, such pyramid-like and multi-level administrative management had proved their set up vary widely. Specific to the area of human resources managemen t, mainly concentrated in the areasFirst is the traditional orientation of Human resources Management Department. The traditional orientation of Human Resources Management Department of Bank of China is only a personnel department. The majority of works remain in the management people and other affairs and it mainly reflected in attendance, personnel file management, pay and benefits, and some other traditional work. The foreign banks have taken Human Resources departments in a clear strategic position which take on the major functions of personnel instruction and development and as the important guaranty of banks core competitiveness. The main reasons of this difference lies in the banks human resources is not the end results of competition in the market and personnel educational activity, lack of market concepts, leading to large-scale and very punishing to promote change.Second is the difference in personnel recruitment and deployment of standards and evaluation of the value . In a long term, Bank of China takes the management right of foreign currency exchange. It is a commercial bank and also is a part of government. In that case, it shows strong administration tendency. One of main representations is the recruitment and deployment is under the unified management and distribution of its head office or regional branchs human resources management department. The actual needs are poorly understood and valued more than parchment and the past experiences. However, foreign banks have their own recruitment of competent warning for quality standards, according to the requirements of jobs analysis on-demand recruitment. They focus on candidates practical work capability and potential, more concerned whether candidates match with the organisation. There are valuate shows that foreign banks in the recruitment process always use natural endowment measurement tools and pay much attention to staves personalities, especially the values of the match with organi zations.Third is the difference in the understanding strategic significance of training. Although Bank of China has its own training base and develop training programme, it was taken as the main function forms sticking to the training books and classroom teach model and following the what is lacking and what will teach in naturalise practice. It only focused on the surface of the master work skills and cut the mental faculty own development and value-added value. The quality of the rung can not be matched with market demand. The former president of Chase Manhattan once said, but by allowing banks to advance the personnel development to the business development, can more quickly adapt to the international financial markets and to develop. Under the guidance of such concept, during the training of the current work, these foreign banks also pay more attention to the quality of staff training and development potential. With each individual staffs situation, training program also need be intent tailored and help them achieve career goals. In training, teaching experiments, simulations, the network learning, and other new educational methods are widely used. The difference over the foreign banks will be mainly due to the attitude to the people, that is, foreign banks take talents as a strategic and scarcity of resources and the ongoing effective staff training and development of competition in the international banking is an important component of the system and also is one of the most important strategic investment. Take Citigroup as an example, it establishes a special institution and equipped with full-time staff with responsibility for training. According to different posts and the personal characteristic of staff, they develop detailed training programme and take the appropriate incentive measures to promote and guarantee staff training. Citibanks Shanghai branch, the per capita cost of training is more than 17,000 yuan and in the Bank of China, the tra ining costs of Shanghai Branch per capita is less than 500 yuan. The main reason of this situation is they still take training as a cost Spending. On training and curriculum design is very compulsory and even that on several occasions Dangke can also transpose part of the training target.Fourth is the difference in performance management and performance assessment. Performance Evaluation is the core of modern human resources management issue. It not only provides important information basis for the distribution and selection of personnel, but also is considered as a strong incentive for the staff (Michael, 2008). State-owned commercial banks as a financial enterprise, its operating profit maximization is their goal, thus human resources management should be subordinated to and serves this business objective. However, the state-owned commercial banks have not established a systematic, scientific and reasonable performance approximation system. First, there are not distinguish bet ween the different categories of staff posts in the evaluation, but they adopted the moral character, ability, diligence, achievements, these relatively abstract and difficult to quantify the indicators to evaluate. Even, they had not yet been standard analysis of jobs. It presents in there are no standard title to regulate all types of positions and no uniform standard job descriptions, so that the staff responsibilities of different positions is very fuzzy Third, the evaluation index system in the absence of key performance indicators (KPI indicators), in particular, guard against and defuse financial risks has not yet fully reflected in the evaluation of specific indicators in the evaluation. In addition, the performance evaluation of the results did not become the direct indicator of employees pay and rewards, job changes and incentives. Performance evaluation is often a mere formality and by from the commercial banks operating objectives. As one of the state-owned Banks, Bank of China also got into this trap in a long time. They thought performance management is the regular staff evaluation that the bonuses were paid to staff and provide the elemental references for promotion, that is, simply equate performance management with performance evaluation. Generally, appraisal objective was set by the bank unilaterally and the staffs can only passively accept. Therefore, it often for the evaluation and assessment ignored the real purpose of the examination, that is, conjure up the level of individual performance of staff. In addition, the unscientific assessment standards and methods and the futile implementation of the results of the evaluation made the performance appraisal could not play their due role. The cause of the gap is also the main reason for the management of Chinese banks, the strong bureaucracy and lack of the necessary lines of communication between management and staff. In the course of investigation, the author also learn that in three yea rs ago, in one county branch of Bank of China, subordinate word manager of this branch submitted his resignation after this

Personal experience of God

Personal develop of matinee idol1. Describe your private fuck of divinity fudge and the cause of idol you derived from biblical, theological, and historical lineages. finished pop knocked out(p) hi yarn, plurality developed the idea of a higher being, who is referred to as god in general. Some spate simply deny the earth of god or any new(prenominal) weird being. And other mint who digested the k in a flashence of god explained the identity of god in various(a) instructions. Deism sop ups the cosmos as a closed system with its church service buildingman outside it so denies worships direct control of stock-stillts and his miraculous intrusions into this populace. Pantheism recognizes no creator-creature distinction, nevertheless sees everything, including good and mephistophelian, as a direct form of graven find out. delivery boyianity joins with the Jewish and the Islamic credits in pro shouting radical mo nonheism, which states that immortal is O ne and that paragon is the immortal of whole. classifiable to saviourian theism is the belief that the personal creator is as truly third base as he is genius. god is a single being who exists, simultaneously and eternally, as a communion of three persons male p atomic number 18nt, the pass forge, and the Holy life period. The three manufacturer be eternal which means they coexist from previous(prenominal) by future. In Matthews account of messiahs baptism, as deliveryman the Son went up from the water, the tonicity of god descended upon Him as a dove and the bewilder testified from the paradise of His beloved Son (Mt 316-17). This scene clearly portrays the simultaneous existence of the Father, the Son, and the Spirit.The delivery boyian extrapolateing of idol is specific in that Christians bank that perfection has been, and continues to be, historically elusive with the citizenry of Israel and has make a new agreement with all heap in delivery boy C hrist. In other words, we remember that the book of accounts of the Old and tonic Testaments bear witness to Gods active love for institution as revealed in deliveryman of Nazareth.God revealed himself through various takes including the Scripture, attends and nature. Although thither are many an(prenominal) ways in which God reveals Gods self, the best place to govern out about God is through the Scripture that God gave us. In the book of hegira, I personally prepare Gods character and the qualities that are ascribed to him. Exodus 37-8 cites that The LORD said, I deliver indeed seen the misery of my tidy sum in Egypt. I overhear heard them repetitive out because of their knuckle down drivers, and I am implicated about their suffering. So I have watch over down to rescue them from the hand of the Egyptians and to bring them up out of that land into a good and spacious land, a land menstruation with milk and h integrityythe home of the Canaanites, Hittites, Amor ites, Perizzites, Hivites and Jebusites. (NIV)These are the words that God said to Moses from the anxious bush. I cerebrate that in this communication with Moses, God revealed who he was. God whom I believe in is the God who has seen the misery of his people, heard them crying out and has been concerned about their suffering. In a nonher translation, it is said that God knew their suffering (NRSV). In the context of this chapter, my people indicate Israel people in Egypt. Israel people at that time in Egypt were slaves under the Pharaoh. They were ignored people in bond suppurate to the Egyptians. There must have been other nations considered much(prenominal) higher and nobler than the Israelites save the bible said that God who is the creator of the exclusively human beings saw slaves with his own eyes and heard them crying out.Hebraic word for to hunch over in Exodus 38 is yada yaw-dah and it implies to know by experience (Bible Work 7). In other words, God who bring fort hd the unit humanness attentively observed and listened to slaves who were disregarded in this world and he knew of their suffering by experience. The God whom I believe in is not unitary who just sits on a thr star in heaven and is not concerned about what happens in this world. But God in Christianity is the God who knows his people and has a close race with them.Exodus story indicates that God is purposeful, conditionful, and sovereign in relation to this world. He has a protrude for the history of the universe, which is to save his people from sins, and in executing it he governs and controls all created world. He is all powerful so he jackpotnot be springtime by any of the limitations of space or time that apply to us and he is always comprise everywhere.Personally, God has been there in many forms for me. individually(prenominal) of these attributes asshole be found in many separate of my personal experience with God. I have experienced God of Immanuel, who has been with me always. deliverer came to this world as Immanuel (Mt. 123) and his remainder words before he ascended into heaven was in any case Immanuel, I am with you always, to the very end of the age (Mt. 2820). When I decided to go to seminary in Korea to be a pastor, I rejoiced in confidence because God was there with me. When I went to Korean Army, I endured the difficult time because God was there with me. When I came to the States al whiz for further study, I did not fear to live in a strange land because God was there with me always. Throughout my life, the one thing that I am sure is that God has been always with me and loves me, who am the weakest among all.2. What is your understanding of mephistophelean as it exists in the world?First of all, as Augustine said in his article, On the nature of good, I believe that God is good and every creation is good (Augustine, Chapter 34). And every creature came to exist by God without exception. Then how do we explain the communicat ion channel of evil from the unadulterated good Creator? In regard to the matter of the origin of evil, I am of the kindred opinion with Augustine.Evil is lack of almost good things. As it throws a shadow over us when we exercise a move inst the Sun, evil originate from a lack of goodness of God.I believe that God is the perfect Creator. One of the perfect things God created was man. disco biscuit and eve who were the perfect creature of God had a choice to follow God or to go once against God. Without free bequeath to choose, neither good nor evil could have been chosen. If man is ever to choose good, he must have the freedom to choose evil as well. Therefore, God did not create evil but perfect freedom to choose and humane race freely chose evil. After Adam and Eve chose to disobey God, evil became a domain in this world.In his Book, the City of God, Augustine recognized that evil in this world and goodness of Gods region co-exist on the earth throughout its history. H owever, Augustine believed that God would eventually turn evil in this world into goodness of Gods system politic (Augustine, Chapter 13.4). By the original sin, I believe, all of us fell down from the image of God and evil came to prevail in us. However God also prepared the way through which we can be restored to Gods Image and be salve from our sins. The barely way of salvation is saviour Christ.3. What is your understanding of humanity, and the human need for godly grace?On the last day of creation, God said, Let us make man in our image, by and by our colour (Gen. 126). The image of God refers to the immaterial part of man. We were created to be club asunder for God (Gen 128). He enabled us to commune with God. We were created in likeness mentally, morally, and socially. When we were created in Gods image, we were signifyed to become Gods agent so that we can take care of the world (Gen. 126,28).However, Adam and Eve sinned by disobeying God. And they became alienat ed from the Creator. That historic event brought all mankind under divine condemnation. Human nature became corrupt, and therefore, totally unable to please God. Before Adam and Eve sinned, they both had direct contact and high society with God. But as a result of transgressing against God, Adam and Eve wooly-minded it all. They were both banished out of the garden, God pronounced a curse on them and their descendants and on the earth in general. Death entered into the big picture and all of us are born into this world with sinful nature.In his love and grace, God made a plan to save us. In Ephesians 24-7, Apostle capital of Minnesota tells us that God made us alive with Christ even when we were pulseless in transgressions. We cannot overcome our sinful nature and death but, through messiah Christ, God had already made provision for us to be saved. By conviction through grace, we can be saved (Eph. 28-9). deliverer Christ is the grace of God who showed us the way of salvation. By dying on the cross, messiah paid the full and complete damage for our sins so that we do not have to pay for it. The only way of salvation is by opinion through messiah Christ. And even the faith we have comes from God. Thus our salvation is entirely the decease of God. Whoever believes in delivery boy Christ resulting be saved by the grace of God.4. How do you interpret the statement deliveryman Christ is Lord?Jesus is our Lords human and personal bring out, meaning the Nazarene. Christ is our Lords official title. It is the Greek synonym for the Hebraic Messiah, meaning the Anointed One.The statement Jesus Christ is Lord implies the belief that Jesus who was born of the Virgin Mary is our savior who redeems us from our sins. In other words, to accept Jesus Christ as Lord means to accept two natures in Jesus Christ the nature of divinity and the nature humanity. Jesus Christ is in full human and fully God at the same time. Existence of these two different natures in Jesus Christ is crucial because that matters to salvation.The doctrine of the virgin birth is very important (Isaiah 714, Matthew 123, Luke 127, 34). Jesus birth was the result of the Holy Spirit working within Marys body. Mary was a vessel God use to perform the miracle of the Incarnation. Denying a physical connection between Mary and Jesus would imply that Jesus was not truly human. Scripture teaches us that Jesus was fully human with a physical body like ours. Jesus was fully God as well as he is fully human with an eternal and sinless nature (John 114, Acts 2028, Hebrews 214-17). Jesus was not born with sinful nature. The virgin birth circumvented the infection of the sinful nature and allowed the eternal God to become a perfect man.The deity of Christ is the central belief of Christianity as well as Jesus humanity. The bible clearly claimed that Jesus had the right to forgive sins, which is something only God can do (Mark 25-7, Acts 531, Colossians 313). Jesus was also said t o be the one who pass on judge the invigoration and the dead (2 Timothy 41) as an eventual(prenominal) judge of this world. Apostle capital of Minnesota called Jesus neat God and Savior (Titus 213), and pointed out Jesus existence in the form of God prior to his incarnation (Philippians 25-8). In John 11, deity of Christ is clarified as the same God with Father, in the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God (John 11). John here affirms both the deity of Christ and the Trinity. Jesus is God who incarnated in human flesh, the living Word of God.5. What is your conception of the action of the Holy Spirit in personal faith, in the community of believers, and in responsible living in the world?The Holy Spirit is the third person of the triune God. The Holy Spirit is God in the same way that the Father is God and the Son is God. Scripture and the church tradition, including Nicene Creed (We believe in the Holy Spirit who proceeds from the Father and the Son, who with the Father and the Son is worshiped and glorified), indicates that the Holy Spirit, known also as the Spirit of God and the Spirit of Jesus Christ, is of the same essence as the Father and the Son.The Holy Spirit worked at the beginning of a church. Apostle Paul indicated an beingness of a church as the Spirit baptized body of Christ (1 Cor. 1213). And the one who leads us to become a new creation in Christ through worship is the Spirit of God (Eph. 218, Phil. 33). Each local gathering is a part of this one universal accept community as a body of Christ, and as Christs agent the Holy Spirit leads and guide us to grow into christly maturity and fulfill Gods mission (Eph. 411-16).The Spirit also flora in a life of an individual believer. The Holy Spirit convicts lost people with respect to sin, righteousness, and judgment and by Gods power repentant and believing souls are saved. In sanctification, Holy Spirit indwells the Christian as one grows in the likeness o f Christ and in his service. Scriptures tells us the Spirit who whole kit and boodle throughout our journey of salvation. The Spirit leads us to repent our sins (John 167), makes us born again (John 33-5). And the Spirit empowers us to bring sanctitude in our life and helps us to bear fruits in our life (Galatians 522-23).6. What is your understanding of the commonwealth of God the Resurrection eternal life?As the Psalmist confessed, Your Kingdom is an everlasting state, and your dominion endures through all generations (Ps. 14513), I believe that God is the king of his covenant people. And as Apostles Creed (from thence he shall come to judge the quick and the dead) and the Nicene Creed (He will come again in glory to judge the living and the dead) said, I believe that Christ will be our ultimate judge at the last day and God will reign over the whole world. As the Nicene Creed stated coming of Gods Kingdom (his kingdom will have no end), there must be the coming kingdom of God i n the future in which Gods reign affects the whole world.However, the Kingdom of God is more than a vision of coming Gods reign in the future. The kingdom of God speaks of a present reality though not in entirety and a future result where the reign of God over all of creation will be perfected and made whole. In Luke 1720-21, Jesus responds to a Pharisee who asked when the kingdom of God would come, The kingdom of God does not come with your careful observation, nor will people say here it is or there it is because the kingdom of God is within you. As well as we experience coming of Gods reign over the world in the future, we will experience the Kingdom of God here and now although it is a foretastes of the fullness of Gods Kingdom.The resurrection of Christ on the third day after his crucifixion and his ascension to be with God until He comes again for the last-place time of judgment also marks the path of all those who claim faith in Christ. At the time when the Good News of Jesu s Christ spreads to the whole nations, he will surely come to the world again (Mt. 2414) from the heaven in a cloud with power and glory (1 Thessalonians 416). At that time people who accepted Jesus Christ as their savior will be risen from the dead (1 Thessalonians 415-16). Christs resurrection marked Christs victory over sin and death both physically and spiritually, we too as Christians who bear the marks of Christ gain the right to have the same victory both physically and spiritually. imperishable life is the end product of our resurrected souls. As the Apostles Creed (the life everlasting) and the Nicene Creed (the life of the world to come) verifyed, I believe that those who have been saved by Christ will share the joy of eternal fellowship with Christ. Heaven means eternal joy in Christ and those who dissent Christ will be judged to the eternal condemnation.7. Explain the role and signification of baptism in the ministry to which you have been called.Sacraments are acts i nstituted by Christ and administered by a church having an outward form and conveying Gods grace. Baptism is one of two fall in Wesleyan sacraments the other is the Lords Supper. These sacraments are means of grace within the covenant community. They are visible signs and seals of something internal and invisible and the means by which God whole shebang in us through the power of the Holy Spirit.The scriptural mode of baptism is found in the New Testament. It records that Jesus was baptized by John (Mt. 313-17), and he commanded his disciples to teach and baptize in the name of the Father, Son, and the Holy Spirit (Mt. 2819). Whoever accepts Jesus Christ as their savior is eligible to be baptized. Baptism conveys Gods grace that redeems us from our sins through the atonement of Christ. Therefore, baptizing of a person, whether as an infant or an adult, is a sign of Gods saving grace. In baptism, we witness that Gods grace is poured upon everybody regardless of their condition.Eve n though baptism is the special channel through which we experience Gods grace of the atonement of Christ, baptism does not guarantee our salvation. As John Wesley insisted in his sermon, Scripture Way of Salvation, salvation is a long process of responding to Gods grace. By being baptized, we become a covenant people of God who have a reassure that the Holy Spirit will work in our lives. However, salvation is not automatically obtained by baptism but by accepting Christ as our savior, trust in Christ and grow in holiness to be near unto God.Baptism represents an act of generalization for Christian believers into the Church. By being baptized, we make a covenant of relationship between God and also between congregations in a church. As baptized Christians, we join the universal church and make a promise our loyalty as the body of Christ.8. Explain the role and significance of the Lords Supper in the ministry to which you have been called.God provides us various ways in which we c an grow in Gods grace. The Lords Supper, also known as Communion, or Eucharist, is one of the Christs gifts to the church, in which we experience Gods grace. Following Jesus example and instruction, when the church celebrates the Lords Supper we adopt gifts of boodle and wine. In this sacrament, we celebrate our fellowship with Christ and with each other.The invitation to the control board comes from the risen and present Christ. In United Wesleyan, whoever loves him, repents their sins, and researchs to live as a Christian disciple is invited to participate in the Lords Supper. By responding to this invitation we affirm and shift our relationship with God through Jesus Christ.It is not easy to understand how bread and wine become Jesus body and blood in the Lords Supper. So it is mystery. Some churches insist that the Lords Supper is merely a memorial of Christs commit and a sign of Christian fellowship. Some churches including historic Reformed churches insist that bread an d wine in Communion conveys a unique spiritual power although Christs body ascended into heaven. Lutheran churches insist that Christs actual body is present with the elements of bread and wine. And the Roman Catholic churches insist that even the essence of bread and wine are changed into Christs true body and blood, with maintaining their physical reality die hard (transubstantiation). United Methodist believes that the real presence of Christ is communicated to the believers.To participate in the Lords Supper is not merely to recall the event 2000 years ago. But when we adjoin bread and wine with faith, it becomes dynamic action within us and we experience the grace of body and blood of Christ which is re-presented to us in the Lords Supper. The past event of our Lords death, resurrection and ascension comes into the present so that its power once again touches us, changes us, and heals us.We gather at the table with joy. Our eating and drinking is a solemnization of our risen Lord. Through the power of the Holy Spirit, Christ is present with us at the table and so we give joyful thanks for what God has done and is doing in our lives and in the world. We come to the table in hope. We bearing forward with joyful anticipation to the coming reign of God.9. How do you intend to affirm, teach and apply function II of the Discipline (Doctrinal Standards and Our Theological Task) in your work in the ministry to which you have been called?What we believe as Christians matters. What we believe tells us who we are. Part II of the Book of Discipline contains Methodist heritage in faith and theology and heart of Methodist doctrines. In other words, Part II of the Book of Discipline tells us who we are as Christians, peculiarly Methodists. It is important for Methodists to study this in regularize for us to have a clear understanding of our heritage, doctrine, and the faith we profess together. Our Christian faith is make on tradition which fathers in faith hand ed over to us. We will also add our profession of faith upon it and turn it over to the neighboring generation. Therefore, as a pastor, to lead people into right direction to Christian faith by affirming and teaching what we believe and who we are is crucial.In order to fulfill this mission, I will vaticinate the gospel verified in our tradition and theology. A pastor should not preach the gospel correspond to his or her own theology but we should profess communal faith built upon tradition. Through preaching and small group study, I will teach Methodist heritage. To learn who our fathers of faith were and what they believed will help us to know our identity and to understand the place where I am now. On the basis of our tradition, we should do our best to leave our footmarks so that our children can see and follow faith of their parents and go in the right direction. To leave footmarks of our faith is to teach our children and show them how to live out what we profess in our live s. I will teach our children the Methodist heritage and doctrine in sunshine School at a level they can understand.10. The United Methodist Church holds that the living core of the Christian faith was revealed in Scripture, illumined by tradition, vivified in personal experience, and confirmed by reason. What is your understanding of this theological face of the Church?The scripture is the primary(a) source of Christian faith. It is clear that the Scripture is the primary vehicle by which we grow in faith. The scripture has great authority in teaching and guiding us in tight living and right understanding as to the nature of God and humanity. All the scripture is God-breathed (2 Timothy 316). When we read the bible, the Holy Spirit guides us to find the truth which illuminates our life.Church tradition is an important practice for theological reflection and interpretation of the Scripture. Christian faith has built upon our ancestors confessions of faith for a long period of time , and that formed church tradition. Tradition is a source of authority and a lens through which Scripture is interpreted at heart it.Experience is an important practice for Christian faith because the scripture and theology must be understood on the basis of our experiences. Communal experience within a faith community helps us to understand Gods word toward us here and now.Reason is used to examine authenticity of theological reflection and an interpretation of the scripture. By reason we ask questions of faith and seek to understand Gods action and will. However, reason as a practice for Christian faith does not mean to have a speculative approximation but it indicates to conceive under the guidance of the Holy Spirit.Wesleys quadrilateral indicates the importance of checks and balances between four practices. To focus upon one practice brings danger to a church to lose its balance and have a radical take on Christian faith. Thus, to keep the balance between these four practic es, with place primacy of the scripture, is crucial.11. Describe the nature and mission of the Church. What are its primary labours today?In regard to the nature of the church, I agree with the Nicene Creed which describes the church as one holy catholic and pompous. The church, in this case, meaning universal Christian church, is one in Christ. The church is holy so it is called apart from the secular world. Although only the part of holiness is seen at the church in the present time, we will see the fullness of holiness at the time of coming of Christ in the end. The Church is universal for all people. As it is written in 1 Cor. 1227, Church is likened to the Body of Christ whereby the coming together of the various parts form one perfect and organic body with Christ as the head. This analogy means that the church will embrace both the fullness of Christian teaching and the renewal of people who make up the church and function as the each parts of the body. The church is apost olic so it stands in continuity with the apostolic witness.I believe that the mission of the church can be found at the Twenty-five Articles of Religion which indicates three necessary elements of the church faith(congregation of tight men), preaching(in which the pure Word of God is preached) and sacrament(and the Sacrament duly administered) (13th Article of Religion, 1784). The church is the gathering of people of faith, spreading the Good News of Jesus Christ, and administers sacraments.The ultimate goal of the church should be to make people disciples of Jesus Christ. Through preaching, teaching, worship, and nurturing, the Church is Gods ordained vehicle whereby others can be disciplined and experience the grace in which we stand as the body of Christ.The primary task of the Church today is to be a true mission church. As the body of Christ, bound to God and to one another through Christ, church always lives in a community. To lose dynamic organism of a church means to lose i ts brisk power. A part which is not united with the whole is useless. For that reason, a local church should be affiliated with people and groups somewhat it and be united with the universal church spiritually. If a church is connected and united, it should be transformative. If a church has a vital organic power, it will transform the world in which they live as a living plant bears fruits. God being connected to us came down in the form of flesh to dwell among us. Jesus ministry was to preach the Good News and to live out the message of love with people around him. The church that truly impacts peoples life is the church that knows people around her, shares joys and sorrows of the people, and give them hope in Jesus Christ.12. Describe your understanding of the primary characteristics of United Methodist polity.First, the system, known as itinerancy, is the most distinguishing feature of Methodism. In many polities ministers are called, but in Methodist polity they are sent. On e consequence of this system is that local congregations are generally receptive to whoever minister is sent. This gives ministry an objective quality that is not dependent on the personal characters of individuals or the expectations of parishes. One of the most valuable consequences of this polity is the relative triumph that United Methodist Church has had in placing women and minorities in parish situation.Second, United Methodist Church determines church policy in throngs, which function as thoughtful bodies. There are several(prenominal) levels of such conferences. The annual conference is the staple fibre corporate body of which the primary function is to connect local churches to one another. All ordinations take place at the annual conference. The highest thoughtful body in Methodism is the General Conference. The conference legislates general policy for the church as a whole. The annual conferences are grouped geographically into the jurisdictional conference, of whi ch there are presently five in the US. Central conferences are concerned with the work of the church outside the US. Churches within a specific welkin of an annual conference may assemble in district conferences. yearly meetings among local congregations or groups of contingent congregations, to which a member of an annual conference is assigned, are known as charge conference.Third, one of the unique features of Methodist governance is a structure of official leadership through which the supervisory function takes place. The executive function of the bishop includes a number of powers-particularly associated with the appointment of clergy to charges. The bishop works through district superintendents. They act as liaisons between the local parishes and the bishop. The several district superintendents in a conference are called the bishops cabinet. The district superintendent presides at the charge conferences.Fourth, an involvement of lay people in the deliberative and legislative bodies of the church has been important. Governance in contemporary Methodism is a overlap responsibility of clergy and lay people. Lay preachers and lay leaders continue to work in local churches.

Leisure And Recreation: Museums

blank And Recreation MuseumsIn this piece of feed I pay back discussed the recital of the museum and its establishment in capital of the United Kingdom including its unique characterstics.The possible key ch on the wholeenges organizationd by the draw poker in coming future and the ways to combat these ch wholeenges by freehanded pro adhered management including range of aspects va burnt is the opportunity available to an individual subsequently completing the immediate necessities of life, when he or she has the freedom to choose and lock in an experience that is expected to be personally satisfyingFrom Edexcel Leisure and Recreation Course SpecificationThe term leisure is an ever changing concept that reflects the reliable social and economic conditions and aspirations, adapting in response to consumer prerequi commit and expectations The idea of leisure being described as a domain of mind originated with Aristotle. He believed that leisure was a knead of self-indulge nce and self-improvement.Leisure is seen as a mans greatest possession because it is essential for self development. It forces us to step back from the constant pressures of daily life in coordinate for us to see what is really important (Aristotle internet website)IMPORTANCE OF emptyEach person has their lay aside opinion of what leisure means to them and at that spatial relation is no set definition of the word as it c every brands a big range of things. leisure m and how it is spent is an individuals choice and the way in which they sp curiosity it whether it be home based, active or passive. As dour as the individual gets propitiation from this leisure time then it has been use to its likely.Leisure is important because every whizz needs a little bit of peace of mind in their life. Having leisure helps a person relieve stress, rich person time to themselves, and just to recharge their body and mind. Leisure is very important for unmatcheds mental and physical heal th. It provides an opportunity to spend time as you want by from regular work stress with family and friends. It is very important for an individual to scratch time out for itself as it bring about a authoritative flow of energy in an individual.Leisure as a bunk has changed enormously over the cash in ones chips 100 days. With the arrival of bracing technology some forms of leisure turn out increased their range of activities hugely. 100 years ago art was considered to be drama, submit shows, architecture and so on. without delay it include many assorted forms. Broadcasting, Film Production and Video were all aspects of the Art Council that received funding in the last year. These have solitary(prenominal) been considered arts in the last century. The Government, private companies and sendors have in addition nonice the commercial side of leisure. From this information it thunder mug be concluded that over the last 100 years leisure has evolved from something that is the opposite of work to something that is alert in our everyday lives.Madame tussauds is among the popular leisure loss leader of the present time, it is rest at its place from last 200 years but getting more(prenominal) popular with time for the kind of unique entertainment it is providing to its visitors. Celebrities stand up images draw visitors towards itself. IT is a kind of place which has all kind of attractiveness in it from past to present both for history lovers and for young tender youth.It helps to make visitors dreams come true when they want to touch or catch the personality they similar ,which otherwise my not be possible for them because any it has become history or is very big celebrity of modern time ,whom one suffert meet. Is it real or is it come up? sometimes its hard to tell the difference when youre at Madame Tussauds Wax Museum .This unique museum of its own kind has entertained about 500 million visitors since it frontmost opened. The foo l Market for Madame Tussauds is to attract all types of consumers, from all social classes. As soundlyheadhead as Domestic and Overseas visitors. (Refer to appendix 5)capital of the United Kingdom is a global city having peple all just about the world with different cultures.The management of Madame tussauds when markinging market place has taken advantage of this feature of the city and has kept different types of wax sculptures which visitors want to see for sheath to attract Asian visitors on that point ar various political, sports ,and entertainment figs in the museum.According to the student pack of Madame Tussauds, it identifies their incumbent Market as Demographics Segmentation according to social class. (Refer to appendix 6)Kotler (1994) believes marketing a reaping/ serving, includes potential guests for using this specific product/service. Therefore, constitutions ordain usefully market their product/service according to the Segment of market. This has been cognise as Target Market.Additionally to Lancaster Reynololds (1999), indicate that, in order to spring up target segment, the constitutions has to break down the amount of the total market into different sub-groups / segments, according to their needs and wants, in-order to make the product/service attract consumers indoors that market segment.Madame Tussauds uses segmentation and targeting market, because it provides many return to their governance, such as It allows the arrangement to identify their node groups with different requirements and wants The exposition objective lot be get hold ofd easily. For example profit maximisation and foresightful term growth When on that point are market gaps in a market, it is assessed and then satisfied, this can be done by using unique product / promotional offerings By handling marketing mix, in order for competence recognise the target needs. This will lead to an increase customers satisfactionhistoryThe name of Madame Tu ssaud is a famous one known the world over. Most people have heard of the waxwork armys that have her name attached to them, but there was a real woman later on whom subsequent exhibitions were named.Madame Marie Tussaud was born Marie Grosholtz on December 1st 1761, in Strasbourg, France. Maries father, Joseph Grosholtz, had been a soldier during the Seven course of study War, but had died two months prior to Maries stemma. After Maries birth, her grow, Anne Made, moved both of them to Berne, Switzerland, Maries mother obtaining a job as a housekeeper with Dr. Philippe Curtius. In some sources Curtius is named as Maries uncle, though this is probably cod to friendship rather than blood ties. Curtius was a delicate physician, who used wax models he made to demonstrate anatomy. Curtius passed on his knowledge of wax mould to Marie.In 1765 Curtius moved to Paris in order to set up a waxwork show, one of his first casts was of Louis XVs mistress, Marie-Jeanne du Barry. Two year s later Marie and her mother joined Curtius in Paris. It took until 1770 for Curtius to be in a position to host his first exhibition, but it immediately became a success attracting large audiences. By 1776 Curtius exhibition was such a success that it moved to the Palais kingly. During this menstruum Curtius continued his tuition of Marie, and soon she was modelling her own waxworks. She met a number of famous individuals her first wax figure was of Francois Voltaire in 1777, and was quickly followed by Benjamin Franklin and Jean Jacques Rousseau.In add-on to famous individuals, Curtius exhibition was in like manner visited by the French Royal family. Curtius spread out his waxworks into a second location, the Caverne des Grands Voleurs on Boulevard du Temple. Marie though had been picked as tutor for the artistic education of Elizabeth, King Louis sixteens sister. Living at the Royal court at Versailles caused problems when the Revolution came. Arrested for allegedly having r oyalist sympathies, Marie was imprisoned in La Force prison alongside aristocrats and other sympathisers.It is not produce wherefore Marie was saved from the guillotine, her talent at making death masks whitethorn have been one, although her acquaintance with Robespierre and Napoleon may have helped. What ever the reason, Marie neer exampled the guillotine, although she was forced to make death masks from the victims of it, these included friends like Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. In prison she shared a cell with Josephinede Beauharais, the future Empress Josephine, and unitedly the two friends were eventually released.Upon the death of Curtius in 1794, the whole waxwork show was left to Marie. In the following year, Marie married an engineer, Francois Tussaud, and before 1800 Marie had given birth to two sons, Joseph and Francois. The thriving profession of pre-revolution days though struggled in the copulation depravation of the New France. To improve their prospects Mar ie made the decision to take her waxworks on pilgrimage.In 1802, Marie along with Joseph travelled to London, with her collection of death masks and wax figures. Resumption though in Revolutionary/Napoleonic War between Britain and France, meant that Marie was stranded, separated from her maintain and second son. Extending her charm, Marie took her waxworks on a tour of Britain and Ireland, a tour which would last 33 years. Francois joined Marie in Britain in 1821, following the deaths of Maries husband and mother.The tour came to end in 1835, when Marie found a permanent base for Madame Tussauds on Baker Street. The permanent site was soon attracting a large audience, pull to the Chamber of Horrors, where victims of the French Revolution and famous murderers and criminals were exhibited. Marie wrote her memoirs in 1838, as her collection continued to grow, the figures of Nelson and Sir Walter Scott were added.Marie died in her sleep in London on fifteenth April, 1850.Madame T ussauds though continued to thrive, first through her sons and then grandsons. It was her grandsons who moved the exhibition to Marylebone Road in 1884, and since then other branches have been established in Amsterdam, Las Vegas, New York, Washington DC, Hong Kong and Shanghai. The modern Tussauds continues in the traditions of its founder, creating wax figures of the most notable individuals of every generation.location and charactersticsThe attraction is on the corner of Allsop Place and Marylebone Road, to the coupling of Central London. The nearest underground station is Baker Street, which is on the Jubilee, Bakerloo, Metropolitan, rung and Hammersmith and City lines. Its distinguishing green dome used to house the London Planetarium. putting surface dome of Madame TussaudsHistory of locationFollowing a successful tour of the UK, Madame Tussauds established a permanent base for her exhibition in London as the Baker Street Bazaar in 1835. Visitors paid tanner for the chance t o meet the biggest names of the day. The attraction moved to its present site in Marylebone Road in 1884. As fame grows it is a frequent poster that crowds of people can reduce enjoyment of the exhibit by change magnitude queuing times and causing crowding that has prompted complaints and many patrons to ask for refund outset timesOff-peak opening times are generally 930am to 530pm. Off-peak periods are weekdays and non UK school holidays. broadside opening times are 9am to 6pm. Peak opening times are weekends, UK school holidays, bank holidays and the whole of the spend period (July through August).In 2008, the opening times in the pass period were 9am to 7pm.Occasionally the attraction shuts early if there is a incorporated event happening. Zones inside the attractionA-List Party lineally Blush, this is the first inhabit on the tour. Included in this room is the Big Brother experience, confirming figures such as Samuel L Jackson, Morgan Freeman, Leo DiCaprio, Nicole Kidman David and Victoria Beckham and Robert Pattinson. It is designed to sprightliness like you have stepped into a celebrity portiony, with wax figures dotted around the room.High School melodious Hannah MontanaLaunched in 2008, this room has a figure of Zac Efron as the character of Troy Bolton from the High School Musical franchise. The room is set like a wicketball court and a locker room. It is interactive in that if you successfully shoot a basket a crowd will cheer. In addition the lockers have dimension of other characters of the movie. This partition also includes Miley Cyruss wax figure. There is also a karaoke facility, in which a person can sing Mileys songs.Premiere night (Movie Room)This zone houses four Bollywood figures as well as celebrities from Hollywood, including Steven Spielberg, Jim Carrey and Audrey Hepburn. It also has some(prenominal) fictional characters Shrek (which has a squeezable stomach), Spiderman, the Incredible Hulk (which had to be airlifted in to the attraction due to its size) and the smallest wax figure ever made,1 Tinker Bell.Sports ZoneThe Sports zone has several interactive elements. Putt a golf ball with tiger Woods, stand on boxing scales conterminous to Mohammed Ali and see what weight you would throw away for in boxing, take a penalty on a realistic reality screen, and ride a bike next to Lance Armstrong.A Royal AppointmentIn the Royals there is an opportunity to stand next to Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, Charles, Prince of Wales, Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall, Prince William of Wales and Prince Henry of Wales.CultureA mixture of cultural icons fill this line of business, including Albert Einstein, Stephen Hawking, Pablo Picasso and Charles Darwin.Music MegastarsA mixture of medicine stars from across the decades appear in an celestial sphere with a music stage complete with glitter balls. Music icons include Beyonce, Jennifer Lopez, Madonna, Britney Spears, L eona Lewis, Kylie Minogue, Amy Winehouse, Tom Jones, phellem Marley, Justin Timberlake and Freddie Mercury. The Beatles in this area appear on the album cover of Sgt. Peppers solitary Hearts Club Band.World LeadersThe World Leaders area of the attraction contains political and spiritual leadership of the World past and present. The new figure of Barack Obama dominates this area he is standing in a pose of the Oval Office which has a replica of the Resolute desk. Other leaders in this area include Margaret Thatcher, Winston Churchill, Nicolas Sarkozy, Ronald Reagan, Tony Blair, Benazir Bhutto, Martin Luther King, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk and Gandhi.The World Leaders area is also noted for its inclusion of controversial figures, including Adolf Hitler, Saddam Hussein and Robert Mugabe. Mother Teresa is one of the very few icons to ask not to be made, saying her work was more important, not the person2. Another notable omission from this area is current British Prime Minister Gordon Brown the company said it has not been made into a wax figure due to his low popularity and not being elected into the position of Prime Minister, having assumed the position after the retirement of Tony Blair.3Chamber of Horrors and ScreamThe Chamber of Horrors is the horror section of Madame Tussauds, which showcases series killers and murders. Included in this area are Guy Fawkes and Dennis Nilsen. This area also exhibits the original guillotine blade that killed Marie Antoinette.The Scream experience (formally Chamber Live) is a live-action, actor-led scare maze. It is based on the premise that several serial killers have been let loose in the chamber. This attraction is not suitable for with child(predicate) women and children under 12 years of age.Behind the Secenes and History of Madame TussaudsThis area shows the history of Marie Tussaud, and how she started creating wax figures. It also has an area on how the scupltors make the figures, using Beyonc as an example.Spirit of London rideThe Spirit of London is a ride ride in which visitors sit in London taxis and are taken on a journey through the history of London. The ride starts in Tudor times and ends in the 1980s, passing through the times of Shakespeare, the great Fire of London, the Industrial Revolution and the Swinging Sixties. The ride has commentary in a few languages and a photo is taken near the end of the ride which can be purchased when disembarkeTop of FormBottom of FormTop of Form jam BondThe James Bond area contains the figures of Daniel Craig and Judi Dench. It has on display an original motorbike used in the James Bond movie Casino Royale.Warhols WomenThe Warhols Women zone contains the figure of Andy Warhol as well as the female celebrities he famously portrayed, including Marilyn Monroe in the classic pose where her skirt is blown upward, Liza Minnelli, Judy Garland, Jerry Hall and Jackie O.About Madame TussaudsMadame Tussauds has branches in 8 major cities (Amsterdam, Berlin, Hong Kong, Shanghai, New York, Las Vegas and Washington, D.C.). A 9th attraction in Hollywood is aforethought(ip) for 2009.Madame Tussauds is part of the Merlin Entertainments group, which also owns the London Eye, the Dungeons, Sea Life Centres and Legoland stripping Centres, as well as theme parks including Alton Towers, Chessington World of Adventures and Thorpe jet in the UK, and Gardaland in Italy.KEY CHALLENGES TO BE FACED BY THE order of battleSwar brooke(2002) states without visitor attractions there would be no need for other touring carry service and tourism as such would not exist without them. various attractions provide their customers with services that are available with in the attraction for example some give their visitors a day out ,others give educational services,some give their customers ancilliary operations but Madme tussauds is one that entertain its visitors with combination of all above mentioned services due to which it is important that this work is put into place to deal with consumers content health and safety and to make sure of their retroflex visits. To maintain this touchstone of excellence the tussauds organisation may possibly face some challenges in future specially inMarketing and rivalCustomer careHuman resource managementSWOT digestThis can be used in order for the organisation to achieve their objectives. This procedure is an effective method of identifying businesses Strengths and Weaknesses, and to examine the Opportunities and Threats they face. Often carrying out an psychoanalysis using the SWOT framework that will be enough to find changes, which can be usefully made. Swift (2000)According to Hannagan (1992) he outlined SWOT analysis asA SWOT analysis helps to focus precaution on the key areas in an organisation that need to be taken into account in producing a marketing broadcast.A SWOT analysis is a smmary of the marketing audit. It extravagantlylights internal differential strengths and weaknesses form the customers point of view as they relate to external opportunities and threats.Madame Tussaud s is like any attraction/organisation that analysis its internal factors this is carried out in the marketing touch, to analyse the effectiveness of the business operation and their internal factors, which do work to their success. This is achieved by conducting the SWOT analysis.MARKETING AND COMPETITION In todays world of business and economics makets have become very agonistic therefore taking into custody consumer is no longer enough .Organisations must start giving attention to their competitors , if want to have share in the market. (kotler 2003) As it is stated before, Madame Tussauds it is a large organisation within the travel and tourism industry, therefore it face high standard of challenger not only in London but all around UK,which can become stronger in the future. that is why more effective marketing is required to survive in the emulation However, it uses circul ation channel for more knowledge of their product national and international.They mainly deliver the sensory faculty of their product/service through the Internet, as it is global. However, other sources of promoting and awareness of their product is mainly done through Media, in the form of posters at tube stations and bus sides which is mainly and to channelise the brand to a wider audience, public relations, portraits, business development and Banqueting Co-operate Entertaining,The ground objective of the organisation is to stay London top paying attraction,therefore a marketing scheme should be in terms of its target,current and potential market study and their process of promotion in order to attract their product to their customer by distribution. However, the aim of promotional planning in the long run is not just to inform, but to promote customers to purchase products/services or, to adopt ideas. Therefore, effective promotion is usually attained by well researched for tracking gross sales levels and attitude patterns toward consumers needs, this means objective must radio link to the target aimed. This can be achieved by updating, convincing and highlighting the organisation current and potential target markeCUSTOMER CAREEnsuring that customers are provided with part services every time is a key in organisational success. Like other tourist attractions Madame tussauds may also face the challenge of delivering quality customer care.The organisation should note that words of mouths from satisfied customers is a free advertising and ameliorate reputation and above all an increased revenue.Tussauds organisation should maintain a high standard of customer care cultivation with in the exhibition to achieve goals likeIncrease salesGain a competitive advantageMaintain consumer loyaltyAttract new consumersGain customer satisfactionEnhance the visitor attraction imageFor achieving high standard of customer care the organisation must improve Their que uing process in term of not making consumer to wait for a long period to enter the exhibition Signs around the exhibition for committee (such as direction for facilities for disabilities segment)Having more staff speaking different languagesHaving effective management that can handle crowdHUMAN RESOURCESHuman resource management can also be a challenge as selection and recruitment costs will be much more due to the high presence of staff at visitor attractions. Competition in the service sector offering prmanent employment can detract suitable applicants from applying for positions within visitor attractions. With the high staff turnover consistency will be difficult to maintain within visitor attractions, which inevitably will have a negative effect on the quality of service delivered to customers. This is due to the fact that to be able to deliver quality services to consumers requires skilled and well-trained employees. As many employees of visitor attractions are employed on short-run contracts, operators may be less willing to invest in training and development for time of yearal staff. In Scotland the Association of Scottish Visitor Attractions encourages its members to invest in training and development for all staff, whether full or part time, seasonal or permanent. Many operators of attractions dislike spending money on training and development for seasonal employees as there is the possibility of the employees not returning the following year. Operators are being encouraged to invest in training and development as this has proven to lead to a stronger more motivated workforce. If employees are enable and empowered to deliver a quality service, employee turnover should reduce, and employees affected by seasonality would be easier retained for the next season to come.They mainly deliver the awareness of their product/service through the Internet, as it is global. However, other sources of promoting and awareness of their product is mainly done throu gh Media, in the form of posters at tube stations and bus sides which is mainly and to communicate the brand to a wider audience, public relations, portraits, business development and Banqueting Co-operate Entertaining,The prime objective of the organisation is to stay London top paying attraction,therefore a marketing strategy should be in terms of its target,current and potential market study and their process of promotion in order to attract their product to their customer by distribution. However, the aim of promotional planning in the long run is not just to inform, but to promote customers to purchase products/services or, to adopt ideas. Therefore, effective promotion is usually attained by well researched for tracking sales levels and attitude patterns toward consumers needs, this means objective must link to the target aimed. This can be achieved by updating, convincing and highlighting the organisation current and potential target market.At the same time one of their targ et is to carry out a promotional action plan to tsarget market, attract all types of consumers both domestic and overseasCONCLUSIONOperators in todays business environment face many challenges as we have seen in bring quality services to visitors of their attractions. By putting in place suitable measures and processes, and ensuring their employees are capable of knowledge about efficient customer care training, confidence and incentive in which to perform at their best, operators can gain an competitive edge in their market, and deliver customer satisfaction s every time.