Archaeological Excavation: Pros and Cons

Archaeological Excavation Pros and ConsCan archaeologic slam of sites non under immediate threat of development or erosion be justified morally? Explore the pros and cons of enquiry (as opposed to rescue and salvage) dig and non- ravaging archaeological explore methods using specific examples.Many people recall that archaeology and archaeologists ar mainly concerned with dig with digging sites. This may be the common public image of archaeology, as often portrayed on television, although Rahtz (1991, 65-86) has made clear that archaeologists in fact do some(prenominal) things besides excavate. Drewett (1999, 76) goes further, commenting that it must never be assumed that excavation is an crucial part of any archaeological field resolve. Excavation itself is a costly and destructive investigate tool, destroying the object of its research forever (Renfrew and Bahn 1996, 100). Of the present day it has been nonable that rather than desiring to dig every site they know about, the majority of archaeologists work within a conservation ethic that has grown up in the past few decades (Carmichael et al. 2003, 41). Given the shift to excavation taking turn out mostly in a rescue or salvage scene where the archaeology would new(prenominal) than face oddment and the inherently destructive reputation of excavation, it has become appropriate to ask whether research excavation stool be morally justified. This essay will seek to answer that question in the affirmative and also explore the pros and cons of research excavation and non-destructive archaeological research methods.If the moral justification of research excavation is questionable in affinity to the excavation of threatened sites, it would seem that what arrests rescue excavation morally pleasing is the fact that the site would be lost to human knowledge if it was non askd. It seems clear from this, and seems widely accepted that excavation itself is a useful inquiring technique. Renfrew and Bahn (1996, 97) suggest that excavation retains its central role in fieldwork because it yields the most good evidence archaeologists are interested in. Carmichael et al. (2003, 32) note that excavation is the means by which we access the past and that it is the most basic, defining aspect of archaeology. As mentioned above, excavation is a costly and destructive process that destroys the object of its study. demeanor this in mind, it seems that it is perhaps the context in which excavation is use that has a bearing on whether or not it is morally justifiable. If the archaeology is rebound to be destroyed through erosion or development thusly its destruction through excavation is vindicated since much selective information that would otherwise be lost will be created (Drewett 1999, 76).If rescue excavation is justifiable on the grounds that it prevents total loss in terms of the capability data, does this mean that research excavation is not morally justifiable because it is not simply making the best use of archaeological sites that must be consumed (Carmichael et al. 2003, 34)? Many would disagree. Critics of research excavation may point out that the archaeology itself is a finite resource that must be preserved wheresoever possible for the upcoming. The destruction of archaeological evidence through unnecessary (ie non-emergency) excavation denies the opportunity of research or enjoyment to approaching generations to whom we may owe a custodial duty of care (Rahtz 1991, 139). Even during the most prudent excavations where detailed records are made, 100% recording of a site is not possible, making any non-essential excavation almost a wilful destruction of evidence. These criticisms are not wholly valid though, and certainly the latter holds uncoiled during any excavation, not besides research excavations, and surely during a research project there is likely to be to a greater extent time easy for a full recording effort than during the sta tutory access boundary of a rescue project. It is also debateable whether archaeology is a finite resource, since tonic archaeology is created all the time. It seems inescapable though, that individual sites are unique and can suffer destruction that although it is more difficult and perhaps unwanted to deny that we have some responsibility to preserve this archaeology for future generations, is it not also the case that the present generations are entitled to make responsible use of it, if not to destroy it? Research excavation, best order at answering potentially important research questions, can be done on a partial or selective basis, without sad or destroying a whole site, thus leaving areas for ulterior researchers to investigate (Carmichael et al. 2003, 41). Furthermore, this can and should be done in alinement with non-invasive techniques such as aerial photography, ground, geophysical and chemical survey (Drewett 1999, 76). Continued research excavation also allows t he practice and development of new techniques, without which such skills would be lost, preventing future excavation technique from cosmos improved.An excellent example of the benefits of a combination of research excavation and non-destructive archaeological techniques is the work that has been done, despite objections, at the Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Sutton Hoo, in eastern England (Rahtz 1991 136-47 Renfrew and Bahn 1996, 98-99). Excavation originally took luff on the site in 1938-39 revealing many treasures and the impression in sand of a wooden ship employ for a burial, though the body was not found. The focus of these campaigns and those of the 1960s were traditional in their approach, being concerned with the opening of burial mounds, their contents, dating and identifying historical connections such as the identity of the occupants. In the 1980s a new campaign with varied aims was undertaken, directed by Martin Carver. Rather than beginning and ending with excavation, a regional survey was carried out over an area of some 14ha, helping to strict the site in its local context. Electronic distance measuring was apply to create a topographical contour map prior to other work. A grass expert examined the variety of grass species on-site and identify the positions of some 200 holes dug into the site. Other environmental studies examined beetles, pollen and snails. In addition, a phosphate survey, indicative of likely areas of human occupation, corresponded with results of the surface survey. Other non-destructive tools were used such as metal detectors, used to map modern rubbish. A proton magnetometer, fluxgate gradiometer and soil resistivity were all used on a scurvy part of the site to the east, which was later excavated. Of those techniques, resistivity proved the most informative, revealing a modern ditch and a double palisade, as vigorous as some other features (see comparative illustrations in Renfrew and Bahn 1996, 99). Excavation later rev ealed features that had not been remotely detected. Resistivity has since been used on the area of the mounds plot soil-sounding radar, which penetrates deeper than resistivity, is being used on the mounds themselves. At Sutton Hoo, the techniques of geophysical survey are seen to operate as a complement to excavation, not merely a preliminary nor yet a replacement. By trialling such techniques in conjunction with excavation, their effectiveness can be gauged and new and more effective techniques developed. The results at Sutton Hoo suggest that research excavation and non-destructive methods of archaeological research remain morally justifiable.However, simply because such techniques can be applied efficiently does not mean that excavation should be the priority nor that all sites should be excavated, but such a scenario has never been a likely one due to the usual constraints such as funding. Besides, it has been noted above that there is already a trend towards conservation. Co ntinued research excavation at notable sites such as Sutton Hoo, as Rahtz notes (1991, 140-41), is justified since it serves avowedly to develop archaeological practice itself the physical remains, or shapes in the landscape can be and are restored to their former appearance with the bonus of being better understood, more educational and interesting such exotic and special sites capture the imaging of the public and the media and raise the profile of archaeology as a whole. in that respect are other sites that could prove equally good examples of morally justifiable long term research archaeology, such as Wharram Percy (for which see Rahtz 1991, 148-57). Progressing from a straightforward excavation in 1950, with the aim of showing that the earthworks represented gallant buildings, the site grew to represent much more in time, space and complexity. Techniques used expanded from excavation to include survey techniques and aerial photography to forwardness the village into a loca l context.In conclusion, it can be seen that epoch excavation is destructive, there is a morally justifiable place for research archaeology and non-destructive archaeological techniques excavation should not be reduced only to rescue circumstances. Research excavation projects, such as Sutton Hoo, have provided many positive aspects to the development of archaeology and knowledge of the past. While excavation should not be undertaken lightly, and non-destructive techniques should be employed in the first place, it is clear that as yet they cannot replace excavation in terms of the amount and types of data provided. Non-destructive techniques such as environmental sampling and resistivity survey have, provided meaningful complementary data to that which excavation provides and both should be employed.BibliographyCarmichael, D.L., Lafferty III, R.H. and Molyneaux, B.L. 2003. Excavation. Walnut creek and Oxford Altamira Press.Drewett, P.L. 1999. Field Archaeology An Introduction. ca pital of the United Kingdom UCL Press.Rahtz, P. 1991. Invitation to Archaeology. 2nd edition. Oxford Blackwell.Renfrew, C. and Bahn, P.1996. Archaeology Theories, Methods and Practice. 2nd edition. London Thames Hudson.